امنیت و حریم خصوصی کاربران شبکه‌های اجتماعی: بررسی عوامل فردی

نویسندگان
خدیجه آکار 1
محمدرضا کیانی 2
محمود سنگری 2
1 *َگروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
2 گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: حجم عظیم‌داده‌ها و اطلاعات در حال گردش در شبکه‌های اجتماعی در کنار محبوبیت و گستردگی استفاده از آن‌ها، این شبکه‌ها را در معرض خطرات امنیتی متعددی قرار می‌دهد. بنابراین امروزه امنیت و حریم خصوصی کاربران به یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل در شبکه‌های اجتماعی تبدیل شده است. عوامل زیادی بر روی امنیت و حریم خصوصی کاربران در شبکه‌های اجتماعی اثرگذارند که این پژوهش از آن میان، به بررسی نقش عوامل فردی در رفتارهای مرتبط با امنیت و حریم خصوصی کاربران در شبکه‌های اجتماعی پرداخته است.

روش‌پژوهش: روش این پژوهش کاربردی، توصیفی (از نوع پیمایشی) بود. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه محقق ساخته و در نمونه‌ای به حجم 375 نفر از جامعه دانشجویان کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد و دکتری دانشگاه بیرجند و به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقاتی نسبتی انجام شد. روایی پرسش‌نامه با تأیید متخصصان موضوعی و اساتید حاصل و برای آزمون پایایی از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ (876 /0) استفاده شد.

یافته‌ها: میانگین میزان آگاهی کلی کاربران از امنیت و حریم خصوصی در شبکه‌های اجتماعی به طور معناداری کمتر از حد مطلوب بود در حالی‌که میانگین میزان اهمیت‌دادن کلی کاربران به امنیت و حریم خصوصی در شبکه‌های اجتماعی بیشتر از حد مطلوب بود. میزان انجام رفتارهای مرتبط با عوامل فردی در نزد پاسخگویان کمتر از حد انتظار بود. همچنین میانگین متغیرهای تجربه حمله، تغییرات موفقیت‌آمیز حریم خصوصی، دفعات بازدید، توانایی و مهارت‌های فناوری و سهولت درک شده به طور معناداری کمتر از حد مطلوب به دست آمد؛ اما متغیرهای اعتماد به سامانه، سود درک شده، خطر درک شده و اهمیت درک شده به طور معناداری بیشتر از حد مطلوب بود. علاوه بر این بررسی متغیرهای جمعیت‌شناختی نشان داد که در همه متغیرهای مورد بررسی بانوان نمره بالاتری از آقایان دریافت کردند. همچنین نمره دانشجویان کارشناسی از دو مقطع بالاتر از خودشان، در همه متغیرها بیشتر بود.

نتیجه‌گیری: اگرچه پاسخگویان برای مباحث مرتبط با امنیت و حریم خصوصی اهمیت زیادی قائل بودند، اما آگاهی آن‌ها به بسیاری از این مباحث کمتر از حد انتظار بود. همچنین آزمودنی‌های این پژوهش در حدی که انتظار می‌رفت، رفتارهای مربوط به عوامل فردی مرتبط با امنیت و حریم خصوصی در شبکه‌های اجتماعی را انجام نمی‌دادند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عوامل فردی
رفتار
امنیت
حریم خصوصی
شبکه‌های اجتماعی

عنوان مقاله English

Security and privacy of social network users: investigation of individual factors

نویسندگان English

Khadije Akar 1
Mohammad Reza Kiani 2
Mahmood Sangari 2
1 Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction

Online social networks are new and innovative media that have made changes in the social, cultural, economic and political structures of societies. These networks have not only changed the rules and regulations governing communication and interaction between humans, but also our thinking and attitude towards ourselves, others and the world. With the rapid development of technology, online social networks have become very popular in the current decade.

With the development of virtual space and the use of social networks, privacy is at risk more than ever, and in the meantime, social networks have a privileged status in terms of obtaining, collecting and using personal information. There are several security and privacy issues related to shared user information, especially when a user uploads personal content such as photos, videos, and audio files.



Methods and Materoal

This descriptive survey used a Researcher-made questionnaire on a sample of students of University of Birjand (375 participants). For questionnaire’s validity, the experts’ opinions was used, and Cronbach's alpha was used for questionnaire’s reliability (0.876).

Resultss and Discussion

The increasing daily use of online social networks around the world leads to more problems regarding the security and privacy behavior of users in this attractive environment. While users can enjoy many benefits by using the service, at the same time they have many concerns about the privacy of their information. Despite privacy concerns, users continue to use these platforms and continue to share or self-disclose more personal information. Now, in order to deal with these threats, it is necessary to know what factors affect the security and privacy in social networks. According to many researches that have been conducted in this field, there are many factors that influence, but the factors that the current research focused on (after examining the level of awareness and importance of users to the two categories of security and privacy), two factors are individual factors and social engineering. was Individual factors being the factors that caused users to fail to use private settings, and social engineering was actually the abuse of trust or the deception of human agents to access confidential information and then abuse this information.

The results showed that although the respondents attached great importance to topics related to security and privacy, they admitted that they were less aware of many of these topics than expected. The results of the next questions showed that the behaviors related to individual factors were less than expected among the respondents, while the behaviors related to social engineering were within the expected range and even beyond. Examining the demographic variables showed that women received a higher score than men in all the investigated variables. Also, the scores of undergraduate students from two levels higher than theirs were higher in all variables.



Conclusion

In today's interconnected world, many relationships and interactions with others are virtual and they have provided easy conditions for exchanging information, news, events with the ability to comment and share information with a wide audience and even create content. Therefore, social media has attracted more and more attention. This volume of information exchange has put the security and privacy of users in social networks at risk. To deal with these threats, users must know what factors affect security and privacy. Among the broad factors that have been mentioned in previous studies, the most important factors have been discussed in the current research, which can be called individual factors and social engineering. Now, considering the need to clarify the issue, in this research, the role of individual factors and social engineering in the behaviors related to the security and privacy of users in social networks has been discussed.

The results of the questions confirmed that students, as active members of the society, are not as aware of issues related to security and privacy as they should be, and the percentage of this awareness was less than expected, but contrary to their relatively low awareness, fortunately, security and privacy are very important. They were private in social networks. Although it was expected that students, as an informed and cultured segment of the academic community, would have acceptable knowledge in the field of security and privacy, but unfortunately, the result of the present study was the opposite, and this is an alarm for all university and government officials who think about education and to inform the students.

On the other hand, it is true that students attach great importance to their security and privacy in social networks, but certainly to realize this issue and actually its prerequisite, to be familiar with the rules of the privacy policy and how to make security and privacy settings. It is that until this important thing is not done correctly, the issue of giving importance to security and privacy cannot be given proper attention, even though this issue is important for students

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Individual Factors
Behavior
Security
Privacy
Social networks
منابع
احسانی‌فر، محمد؛ رضوانیان، محمد (1396). نقش رفتار کاربران در احساس امنیت شبکه های اجتماعی.کنفرانس سالانه پژوهش در علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی، تهران.
پور نقدی، بهزاد (1397). فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای امنیت در شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی برای دانشجویان. پژوهش‌های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 1(2)، 71-37.
جلالی، کیان پور؛ آقابابایی، مسعود(1396). تبیین جامعه‌شناختی مدیریت حریم شخصی کاربران جوان فیس‌بوک شهر اصفهان. پژوهش‌های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 1 (6)، 61-27.
حسین‌پور جعفر؛ مصرخانی قدیر (1397). نقش شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی بر امنیت عمومی کاربران آن. نظم و امنیت انتظامی،66 (2)، 659-611.
قضاوتی، کمال‌الدین قضاوتی، نوروزی علیرضا(1396). مروری بر امنیت حریم خصوصی در شبکه‌های اجتماعی برخط. امنیت فضای تولید و تبادل اطلاعات، ۶ (۲) :۸۵-۱۰۲.
 
 
Reference
 
Ahmed Mahmoud Ragab, S., & Abdelmaksoud, H. (2023). Awareness of digital privacy among users of new media. Journal of Research in the Fields of Specific Education, 9(44), 2495-2522. https://doi.org/10.21608/jedu.2022.166154.1755.
Al Hasib, A. (2009). Threats of online social networks. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 9(11), 288-93.
Alabdulatif, A., Alturise, F. (2020). Awareness of data privacy on social networks by students at Qassim University. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research, 10(50), 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJACR.2020.1048094.
Alani, M. M. (2017). Android Users Privacy Awareness Survey. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 11(3), 130-144.. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v11i3.6605.
Albladi, S. M., & Weir, G. R. (2018). User characteristics that influence judgment of social engineering attacks in social networks. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 8(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-018-0128-7. (In Persian).
Albladi, S. M., & Weir, G. R. (2020). Predicting individuals’ vulnerability to social engineering in social networks. Cybersecurity, 3(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-020-00047-5.
Ali, S., Islam, N., Rauf, A., Din, I. U., Guizani, M., & Rodrigues, J. J. (2018). Privacy and security issues in online social networks. Future Internet, 10(12), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10120114. (In Persian).
Aljedaani, B., Ahmad, A., Zahedi, M., & Babar, M. A. (2023). End-users’ knowledge and perception about security of clinical mobile health apps: A case study with two Saudi Arabian mHealth providers. Journal of Systems and Software, 195, 111519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.111519.
Arain, M. A., Tarraf, R., & Ahmad, A. (2019). Assessing staff awareness and effectiveness of educational training on IT security and privacy in a large healthc. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 12 (2019), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S183275.
Bhatnagar, N., & Pry, M. (2020). Student Attitudes, Awareness, and Perceptions of Personal Privacy and Cybersecurity in the Use of Social Media: An Initial Study. Information Systems Education Journal, 18(1), 48-58.
Boenisch, F., Battis, V., Buchmann, N., & Poikela, M. (2021). “I Never Thought About Securing My Machine Learning Systems”: A Study of Security and Privacy Awareness of Machine Learning Practitioners. In Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2021, 520-546. https://doi.org/10.1145/3473856.3473869.
Choi, S. (2023). Privacy literacy on social media: Its predictors and outcomes. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(1), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2041892.
Coluccia, A., Pozza, A., Ferretti, F., Carabellese, F., Masti, A., & Gualtieri, G. (2020). Online romance scams: Relational dynamics and psychological characteristics of the victims and scammers. A scoping review. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health: CP & EMH, 16, 24. https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1745017902016010024.
Ehsanifar, M,. & Rezvanian, M. (2016). The role of users' behavior in feeling the security of social networks. Annual Research Conference in Humanities and Social Studies, Tehran. (In Persian).
Frik, A., Kim, J., Sanchez, J. R., & Ma, J. (2022, April). Users’ expectations about and use of smartphone privacy and security settings. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System, 407, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517504.
Gee, D. (2016). Rethinking Security: A discussion paper. Ammerdown Group.
Gerber, N., Reinheimer, B., & Volkamer, M. (2018). Home sweet home? Investigating users’ awareness of smart home privacy threats. In Proceedings of An Interactive Workshop on the Human aspects of Smarthome Security and Privacy (WSSP).
Ghezavati, K., & Nowrozi, A. (2016). An overview of privacy security in online social networks. Bi-Quarterly Scientific Promotional Herald of the Security of Production Space and Information Exchange (AFTA), 1(2), 75-126. (In Persian).
Gupta, B. B., Arachchilage, N. A., & Psannis, K. E. (2018). Defending against phishing attacks: taxonomy of methods, current issues and future directions. Telecommunication Systems, 67(2), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-017-0334-z.
Hamidi, H. (2015). Women's point of view on ethics and personal privacy in social networks. Quarterly Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, 11(1), 39-50. (In Persian).
Hossein Pour, J., & Mesrkhani, Q. (2017). The role of virtual social networks on the public security of its users. Police order and security, 66 (2), 659-611. (In Persian).
Hosseini Senu, S. A., & Mazaheri, E. (2017). The effect of privacy, security and perceived trust on information sharing behavior in mobile social networks: the moderating role of gender. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 93(6), 235-213. (In Persian).
Hu, X., Hu, D., Zheng, S., Li, W., Chen, F., Shu, Z., & Wang, L. (2018). How people share digital images in social networks: a questionnaire-based study of privacy decisions and access control. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77, 18163-18185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4402-x.
Isaak, J., & Hanna, M. J. (2018). User data privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and privacy protection. Computer, 51(8), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.3191268.
Jafarpour Hadi Kiashari, R., Kabuli, M.H., & Shahcheraghi, A. (1401). Analyzing the effect of objective and subjective elements on the sense of "privacy" in the architectural space. Eastern Art and Civilization, 10(38), 17-28. (In Persian).
Jain, A. K., Sahoo, S. R., & Kaubiyal, J. (2021). Online social networks security and privacy: comprehensive review and analysis. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7(5), 2157-2177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00409-7.
Jalali, K.pour,. & Agha Babaei, M. (2016). Sociological explanation of privacy management of young Facebook users in Isfahan city. Strategic Researches of Iran's Social Issues, 1 (6), 27-61. (In Persian).
Kanampiu, M. (2018). A Study of Security and Privacy in Online Social Networks Using Social Network Analysis and Human Factors Perspectives (Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University).
Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2023). Who Became Victims of Financial Frauds during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan?. Sustainability, 15(4), 2865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042865
Korir, M., Slade, S., Holmes, W., Héliot, Y., & Rienties, B. (2023). Investigating the dimensions of students’ privacy concern in the collection, use and sharing of data for learning analytics. Computers in human behavior reports, 9, 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100262.
Krombholz, K., Hobel, H., Huber, M., & Weippl, E. (2015). Advanced social engineering attacks. Journal of Information Security and applications, 22, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2014.09.005.
Mamonov, S., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2018). The impact of information security threat awareness on privacy-protective behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.028.
Martínez-Navalón, J. G., Fernández-Fernández, M., & Alberto, F. P. (2023). Does privacy and ease of use influence user trust in digital banking applications in Spain and Portugal?. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 19(2), 781-803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00839-4.
Mittal, N. (2023). User Perceptions of Privacy and Security in Online Social Networks. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology.1(8), 91-94.
Nawaz, N. A., Ishaq, K., Farooq, U., Khalil, A., Rasheed, S., Abid, A., & Rosdi, F. (2023). A comprehensive review of security threats and solutions for the online social networks industry. PeerJ Computer Science, 9, e1143. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1143.
Nedeljko, M., Bogataj, D., & Kaučič, B. M. (2021). The use of ICT in older adults strengthens their social network and reduces social isolation: Literature Review and Research Agenda. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 54(13), 645-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.524.
Nifakos, S., Chandramouli, K., Nikolaou, C. K., Papachristou, P., Koch, S., Panaousis, E., & Bonacina, S. (2021). Influence of human factors on cyber security within healthcare organisations: A systematic review. Sensors, 21(15), 5119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155119.
Nyoni, P., & Velempini, M. (2018). Privacy and user awareness on Facebook. South African Journal of Science, 114(5-6), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/20170103.
Obar, J. A., & Oeldorf-Hirsch, A. (2020). The biggest lie on the internet: Ignoring the privacy policies and terms of service policies of social networking services. Information, Communication & Society, 23(1), 128-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1486870.
Okokpujie, K., Kennedy, C. G., Nnodu, K., & Noma-Osaghae, E. (2023). Cybersecurity Awareness: Investigating Students' Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks for Sustainable Safe Email Usage in Academic Environment (A Case Study of a Nigerian Leading University). International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 18(1). 255-263. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180127.
Pensa, R. G., & Di Blasi, G. (2017). A privacy self-assessment framework for online social networks. Expert Systems with Applications, 86, 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.05.054.
Pour Naqdi, B. (2017). Security opportunities and threats in virtual social networks for students. Strategic Researches of Iran's Social Issues, 1(2), 37-71. (In Persian).
Reichel, J., Peck, F., Inaba, M., Moges, B., Chawla, B. S., & Chetty, M. (2020). 'I have too much respect for my elders': Understanding South African Mobile Users' Perceptions of Privacy and Current Behaviors on Facebook and {WhatsApp}. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20) (pp. 1949-1966).
Saeed, S. (2023). A customer-centric view of E-commerce security and privacy. Applied Sciences, 13(2), 1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021020.
Sani, A. A. Examining Journalists'privacy Behaviour on WhatsaPP Status Updates in Kano State, nigeria. Zaria Journal of Communication, 7(1), 118-130.
Saura, J. R., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2023). Privacy concerns in social media UGC communities: Understanding user behavior sentiments in complex networks. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 21(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-023-00631-5.
Schroeder, C. (2019). Susceptibility to Social Engineering: Human Vulnerabilities (Doctoral dissertation, Utica College). Utica College.
Steiert, D. (2019). Privacy Preservation in Mobile Social Networks (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).
Steiert, D. (2019). Privacy Preservation in Mobile Social Networks (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).
Tang, Y., & Ning, X. (2023). Understanding user misrepresentation behavior on social apps: The perspective of privacy calculus theory. Decision Support Systems, 165, 113881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2022.113881.
Van der Schyff, K., & Flowerday, S. (2021). Mediating effects of information security awareness. Computers & Security, 106, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102313.
Van der Schyff, K., & Flowerday, S. (2021). Mediating effects of information security awareness. Computers & Security, 106, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102313.
Van Schaik, P., Jansen, J., Onibokun, J., Camp, J., & Kusev, P. (2018). Security and privacy in online social networking: Risk perceptions and precautionary behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.007.
Wang, Q. (2020). Towards the Understanding of Private Content–Content-based Privacy Assessment and Protection in Social Networks (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas).
Wei, L., Gong, J., Xu, J., Abidin, N. E. Z., & Apuke, O. D. (2023). Do social media literacy skills help in combating fake news spread? Modelling the moderating role of social media literacy skills in the relationship between rational choice factors and fake news sharing behaviour. Telematics and Informatics, 76, 101910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101910.
Yi, Y., Zhu, N., He, J., Jurcut, A. D., Ma, X., & Luo, Y. (2023). A privacy-dependent condition-based privacy-preserving information sharing scheme in online social networks. Computer Communications, 200, 149-160.
Yisa, V. L., Anaraky, R. G., Knijnenburg, B. P., & Orji, R. (2023). Investigating Privacy Decision-Making Processes Among Nigerian Men and Women. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 1, 294-308. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0018.
Yoro, R. E., Aghware, F. O., Akazue, M. I., Ibor, A. E., & Ojugo, A. A. (2023). Evidence of personality traits on phishing attack menace among selected university undergraduates in Nigerian. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 13(2), 1943-1953. DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1943-1953.
Zhang, Z., Jing, J., Wang, X., Choo, K. K. R., & Gupta, B. B. (2020). A crowdsourcing method for online social networks security assessment based on human-centric computing. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 10, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673‑020‑00230‑0.
Zulfahmi, M., Elsandi, A., Apriliansyah, A., Anggreainy, M. S., Iskandar, K., & Karim, S. (2023). Privacy protection strategies on social media. Procedia Computer Science, 216, 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.159.
 
تعامل انسان و اطلاعات
دوره 11، شماره 2
تابستان 1403
صفحه 123-143